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Brand name dev. code Original in-licensing Region Ph I Ph III NDA Filed Approved Launched Generic name Indication Undetermined ; DE-096 Rheumatoid arthritis Original Japan Characteristics: An oral TNF inhibitor. Anti-rheumatic effect comparable to injectable biological agents has been observed in basic research, for example, cefixime 400 mg orally.
TABLE 4. Effect of various treatments on 02- production by human neutrophilsa.
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Epilepsy Database It is essential that a satisfactory, preferably computerized, information system be used for the identification, follow-up and adequate care of patients in this group. The system will be capable of identifying patients receiving drug treatment for Epilepsy. Up to 60% of people with active Epilepsy have additional neurological or neuro-psychological disability and these should be recorded. Criterion 2 Practices will have a database of adult patients with Epilepsy on Anti Epileptic Drugs, and those not on medication. Significant associated conditions should also be recorded.
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Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health UCL ; and 2Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK, Division of Paediatrics, St Luke's Hospital, G'Mangia, Malta and 4Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta Correspondence to: Professor B. G. R. Neville, The Wolfson Centre, Mecklenburgh Square, London WC1N 2AP, UK E-mail: b.neville ich.ucl.ac.
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Medical Associates Health Plans welcomes new participating providers! Benefits are based upon individual subscriber contracts. Questions may be directed to our Member Services staff at 563-584-4885 or 1-866-821-1365. Biver, Julie PA-C Physician Assistant Medical Associates Clinic West Campus Bunger, Char ARNP Nurse Practitioner Women's Wellness Center, Dubuque Koenigs, Mary MD Family Practice Medical Associates Galena Solverson, Matthew MD Family Practice Darlington, WI Sleep, Todd MD Ophthalmology Medical Associates West Campus Whitney, Aaron PhD Psychology Platteville Family Resource Center.
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Many others wonders why disparities exist in minority populations. She believes resolutions to this burden of diabetes encompass the selfmanagement education standards. Noting that diabetes is primarily managed by the individual, cultural practices and beliefs have to be taken into consideration. For example, meal plan suggestions and physical activity recommendations should be culturally sensitive and appropriate. The healthcare professional that facilitates the patient's education and training must take the science and translate it to people of different ethnic and minority groups and keftab.
Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine. A Li Wan Po. Radcliffe Medical Press, Abingdon, 1998. 165pp, 16.50. ISBN 1 85775 305 The first, and perhaps appropriate, item in this dictionary is "Ability to pay", something Bandolier always worries about. But if you want to know what a Likert scale or Jarman index is, then you'll find a brief description plus a useful reference in this book. Which of us hasn't from time to time or even more frequently than that ; been stumped by some weird piece of jargon? Can you define an ASTRO-PU. Well, with this book on your shelf, it is a simple matter to figure out that it is relevant and simple, and that if you need to go to the font of all knowledge on the subject, then it's in the BMJ. Bandolier is in there, nicely placed between "balanced design" and "Bayes, Thomas R". It is interesting to know that his fame derives from a posthumously published paper. There are many things you'll know, of course, but even more that you won't. Hands up all those who know what Berkson's fallacy is? A spurious correlation which may be observed between two diseases or between a disease and a risk factor arising from biased sampling. ; There will be a few definitions in this dictionary with which the sophisticated would wish to quibble, but not many. The style is simple and direct, and for those of us with few or tired neurones, it's on the button. A good stocking filler this, and the price, at about ten pence a page, is well within most people's ability to pay. But that is a quibble, and the reality is that the care and attention lavished on this book is obvious. It is an important contribution in an important area.
Chlamydia Infection, Recommended Regimens Azithromycin.1 g orally in a single dose, OR equally effective ; Doxycycline.100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days Chlamydia Infection, Alternative Regimens Erythromycin base.500 mg orally four times a day for 7 days, OR Erythromycin ethylsuccinate.800 mg orally four times a day for 7 days, OR Ofloxacin.300 mg orally twice a day for 7 days, OR Levofloxacin.500 mg orally for 7 days Follow-up: Patients do not need to be retested for chlamydia after completing treatment with doxycycline or azithromycin unless symptoms persist or reinfection is suspected because these therapies are highly efficacious. Consider rescreening for chlamydia infection 3-4 months after treatment due to high prevalence of reinfection, especially for adolescents Management of Sex Partners: Patients should be instructed to refer their sex partners for evaluation, testing, and treatment, if they had sexual contact with the patient during the 60 days preceding onset of symptoms in the patient or diagnosis of chlamydia Special Considerations: Pregnancy: Doxycycline and ofloxacin are contraindicated for pregnant women Azithromycin may be safe effective though the safety and efficacy of azithromycin use in pregnant and lactating women have not been completely established Repeat testing, preferably by culture, 3 weeks after completion of therapy with the following regimens is recommended because a ; none of these regimens is highly efficacious and b ; frequent side effects of erythromycin may discourage patient compliance Recommended Regimens for Pregnant Women Erythromycin base.500 mg orally four times a day for 7 days. OR Amoxicillin.500 mg orally three times a day for 7 days. Alternative Regimens for Pregnant Women Erythromycin base.250 mg orally four times a day for 14 days. OR Erythromycin ethylsuccinate.800 mg orally four times a day for 7 days, OR Erythromycin ethylsuccinate.400 mg orally four times a day for 14 days, OR Azithromycin.1 g orally in a single dose. NOTE: Erythromycin estolate is contraindicated during pregnancy because of drug-related hepatotoxicity. Preliminary data indicate that azithromycin may be safe and effective GONOCOCCAL INFECTION DUAL THERAPY FOR GONOCOCCAL AND CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS Patients infected with N. gonorrhoeae often are coinfected with C. trachomatis; this finding led to the recommendation that patients treated for gonococcal infection also be treated routinely with a regimen effective against uncomplicated genital C. trachomatis infection Uncomplicated Gonococcal Infections of the Cervix, Urethra, and Rectum Recommended Regimens Cefixime. 400 mg orally in a single dose OR Ceftriaxone. 125 mg IM in a single dose, OR Ciprofloxacin. 500 mg orally in a single dose, OR Ofloxacin.400 mg orally in a single dose, OR Levofloxacin. 250 mg orally in a single dose, AND Azithromycin. 1 g orally in a single dose, OR Doxycycline.100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days and cetirizine.
The authors conclude that amoxicillin and cefixime are equivalent in overall clinical and bacteriologic efficacy for otitis media, but that cefixime is more efficacious for otitis media caused by influenzae.
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CITIZEN PETITION The Bureau of Competition and Policy Planning Staff of the Federal Trade Commission "FTC" ; submit this Citizen Petition to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs pursuant to 21 C.F.R. 10.25 a ; and 10.30 concerning certain issues relating to patent listings in the FDA's Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations the "Orange Book" ; . We request that the FDA clarify these issues, on an expedited basis, via industry guidance or other means that the FDA considers appropriate. In recent years, the FTC has gained significant experience concerning competition in the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, the Commission has brought a number of antitrust enforcement activities affecting both the branded and generic drug industries. Last year, the Commission announced plans to conduct an extensive study pursuant to Section 6 b ; of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. 46 b ; of U.S. generic drug competition the "Study" ; . The Study will enable the FTC to provide a more complete picture of how generic drug competition has developed under the Hatch-Waxman Act. See 66 Fed. Reg. 12512 Feb. 27, 2001 65 Fed. Reg. 61334 Oct. 17, 2000 "FTC to Study Generic Drug Competition, " Oct. 11, 2000 ; : ftc.gov opa 2000 10 genericdrug . The Office of Management and Budget "OMB" ; cleared the Study on April 6, 2001, following the closure of two public comment periods. The FTC will obtain factual information for the Study from name-brand pharmaceutical and generic drug manufacturers through interrogatories and document requests. The Study seeks information concerning a variety of practices that may have an impact on competition in the pharmaceutical industry, including the possible improper or untimely listing of patents by name-brand pharmaceutical companies in the Orange Book. In this connection, the Study requests name-brand companies to "[i]dentify all patents that the company has filed in the Orange Book and the date of listing regardless of whether currently listed in the Orange Book ; relating to each Drug Product for which the company has been notified of the filing of an ANDA by another person [, and indicate] if the patent s ; was were ; filed in the Orange Book after the company received approval of the New Drug Application " Fed. Reg. at 12520. The Study also requests generic drug companies to A-24, for example, cefixime clavulanic acid.
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MPI PET, for detection of CAD are 89 and 89% respectively with ranges from 83-100 and 73-100. Table 1 ; .8, 9, 13-24 Excluding retrospective studies where the PET results may have impacted on decisions for the reference standard coronary angiography ; did not influence the accuracy. Comparison studies support that PET is at least as accurate as SPECT 8, 9, 14, and that disparate results are due to greater sensitivity and specificity of PET 8, 9, 17, A recent study by Bateman et al demonstrates superior diagnostic accuracy and normalcy rates for gated PET MPI compared to gated SPECT MPI for stenoses 50%, accuracy: 87% vs 71% p 0.003 normalcy 100% vs 81% p 0.02 . This significant difference also applied to subgroups including gender and body habitus.13 Recent advances in PET including PET CT are currently being evaluated in multicentre studies such as the SPARC study.28 The accuracy of PET for CAD detection has not been compared to CT or MRI. In general the studies reviewed were considered to be of good quality, although some early studies did not report all the information now needed to assess quality. Most studies provided prospective evaluation without directing the gold standard procedure as appropriate ; in relevant patient populations or minimized bias via matched cohort design and random selection from an electronic database13. Most studies reported blinded evaluation but such information was not reported in one study so blinded evaluation could not be confirmed.15 PET MPI and Prognosis: MPI PET imaging is also useful for determining prognosis. Given the accuracy of PET MPI compared to SPECT MPI, PET MPI is considered to provide prognostic information at least as good as SPECT. Data supporting the prognostic value of PET have demonstrated that a normal PET MPI has an excellent prognosis. Previous reports note a low cardiac death rate 0.9% year ; and subsequent studies show low hard cardiac event rates 0.09% ; with scans reported as normal and 0.4% year for a Sum Stress Score 429-31 comparable to previous SPECT MPI.32, 33 Patients with PET MPI defects have a worse prognosis for death 4.3% year ; Marwick1997 ; or hard events 7.0% year for moderate to severe defects ; .31 Recent data also indicate the prognostic value of PET MPI in specific populations with obesity or those referred after non-diagnostic 99mTc-SPECT MPI.31 The prognostic value of PET CT is being evaluated in the SPARC study.28 Table 2 summarizes the published data on prognosis. Table 2 does not detail a study by MacIntyre et al that evaluated the clinical outcome patients with a negative thallium-201 SPECT study and positive PET MPI26 since it did not consider the prognostic value of PET per se although it did support the added value of PET over thallium-201 SPECT. In this study, 27 202 patients studied had a false negative thallium-201 SPECT but a true positive Rb-82 PET. Among these patients, 63% were directed to revascularization emphasizing the impact of accurate PET MPI on clinical management. Studies considering other outcomes such as restenosis post PCI and risk assessment prior to vascular surgery were not included in prognosis studies listed but are discussed below in `Other Considerations'. Exercise PET, 15-17, 34-38 is feasible and combines the advantages of attenuation correction with functional capacity data from exercise. There are disadvantages however: the supine bicycle exercise done with the patient in the camera is prone to motion artifacts while the treadmill outside the camera does not allow absolute flow quantification. Small studies support the accuracy of the method and its utility compared to pharmacological MPI with PET. 15-17, 34-37.
Some educational and prevention models for anabolic steroid use have been attempted in an effort to quell usage. These attempts have included: Scare tactics Didactic discussions Campaigns such as "Just Say No" Drug testing Threats Each of these tactics has had little effect and in some cases, possibly the reverse effects the program was hoping to achieve. For instance, scare tactics and threats are often perceived by athletes as a challenge, drug testing has never been scientifically proven to work, and purely informational handouts, statistics, and lectures do not appeal to the social values of the athlete. For all of these reasons a more strategic approach is suggested and cisapride.
Nursing mothers it is not known whether cefixime is excreted in human milk.
M. March 125 205.83 Pharmasant 200 208.33 Sang Thai 200 T.P. Drug 100 146.17 The Medic Pharm 170 202.05 Wyeth Consumer Healthcare 1358.9 Otsuka 150.77 166.54 Thai Nakorn 8.5 12 Ajinomoto Pharma 3183.47 Neopharm 60 65 Neopharm 450 Westmont Pharm 50.29 Kenyaku Ltd. 1070 1105 Westmont Pharm 32.1 36.96 Westmont Pharm 481.55 559.15 Wyeth Consumer Healthcare 2241.65 GlaxoSmithKline 171.74 GlaxoSmithKline 53.5 63.39 T.O. Chemical 44 45 Roche 5671 5715.14 GlaxoSmithKline 321 T.O. Chemical 184 Lipha France 554.45 587.53 Dupont 51.36 Dupont 71.96 Dupont 233.53 Dupont 2033 Dupont 203.3 221.38 F H Faulding DBL 180 192.06 Boots 3171.43 3171.46 and propulsid and cefixime, for example, cefidime in uti.
R.C. de A. Berber, E.H. Madureira and P.S. Baruselli. Department of Animal Reproduction, Medicine College of Veterinary, Sao Paulo University, 05340000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Comparison of two Ovsynch protocols GnRH versus LH ; for fixed timed insemination in buffalo Bubalus bubalis ; . Theriogenology 2002 ; . 57 5 ; 1421-1430.
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Table 1. Drug Interactions of SSRIs and Other Newer Antidepressants * Drug.
CNS b ; cardiac c ; allergy d ; preservatives e ; fetal D. Muscle Relaxants non-depolarizing and succinylcholine ; 1. Mechanism of action 2. Non-relaxant side effects 3. Abnormal responses 4. Biotransformation and excretion 5. Prolongation of action; termination of action 6. Antagonism 7. Drug interactions antibiotics, magnesium, etc. ; E. Autonomic Drugs 1. Sympathetic a ; transmitters and types of receptors b ; target organ effects; metabolic effects c ; agonists - peripheral and central actions d ; antagonists - alpha and beta blockers, anti- hypertensives, ganglionic blockers, peripheral vasodilators e ; tocolytic uses 2. Parasympathetic a ; transmitters b ; muscarinic effects c ; nicotinic effects d ; agonists - cholinergic and anticholinesterases e ; antagonists F. Cardiovascular Drugs 1. Positive inotropes 2. Vasodilators 3. Vasoconstrictors 4. Antianginal drugs 5. Antiarrhythmics 6. Electrolytes cardiac effects ; G. CNS Drugs other than primary anesthetics ; 1. Pre- and postanesthetic medications a ; opioids.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. Robert Hatcher et al., Contraceptive Technology, Eighteenth Revised Edition, Ardent Media, Inc., New York, 2004. Joellen Hawkins, et al., Protocols for Nurse Practitioners in Gynecological Settings, Eighth Edition, Springer Publishing Co., New York, 2004. ParaGard T380A Intrauterine Copper Contraceptive, Physician Prescribing Information, FEI Products LLC, September 2005. World Health Organization, Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, Third Edition, 2004, : who.int reproductive-health publications mec March 15, 2005 ; . Facts and Comparisons, Facts and Comparisons 4.0 Online, Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., 2006 : online.factsandcomparisons.
Conclusions: The large ratio of antibiotics to cases suggests that a large portion of crfixime and ciprofloxacin use is for syndromic treatment and contacts of N.gonorrhea cases rather than actual case management. The ratio is much lower for antibiotics used in chlamydia treatment suggesting there is less use of these antibiotics for non-laboratory confirmed cases and contacts.
At that time, in addition to his managerial responsibilities, he continued to promote our products to physicians and pharmacies until 199 prior to his career with us, godfrey was a market research consultant with mgt information systems and suprax.
Even if the physician writes dispense as written or DAW on the prescription, the injured worker will be responsible for the cost difference between the generic and brand name medication. C. BWC PREFERRED DRUG LIST The BWC Preferred Drug List may be accessed through ohiobwc under Provider Services, or by calling ACS State Healthcare at 800-OHIOBWC, pressing option 3, then option 2. D. OTHER COVERAGE CHANGES 1. Compounded medications Effective July 10, 2005, BWC no longer reimburses providers for compounded medications purchased at a pharmacy through ASC. Compounded drugs previously Jan. 2007 7-3 HPP - Pharmacy Benefit Management Program.
And rates before and after implementation of these qualityassurance efforts. An additional limitation to the external generalizeability of our analysis is that the rates of DRPs and CSOs are largely dependent on the policies of the Utah Medicaid program. For example, states that do not mandate use of generics are likely to find a higher rate of brand-name use. Other policies that might impact the rates of problems identified include prior-authorization requirements, preferred drug lists, fail-first requirements, class restrictions, and quantity limitations. The state of Utah uses several cost-saving measures, including patient copays for the first 5 prescriptions; fail-first and prior-authorization requirements for certain classes e.g., nonsedating antihistamines quantity limits for several therapeutic classes, including proton pump inhibitors and benzodiazepines; and no reimbursement for drug efficacy study implementation DESI ; -class drugs considered to have marginal benefit. The state of Utah has considered but has not yet implemented a preferred-drug list. Finally, a limitation of all evaluations of pharmacy claims data is the lack of information about the use of physician office samples in patients. This limitation might lead us to identify a higher rate of untreated indications if many patients were receiving samples instead of filling prescriptions in the pharmacy. We think it is unlikely that many Medicaid patients receive samples on a long-term basis since patients have a minimal or no copay for medications covered by Medicaid, and our Medicaid program generously pays for most drugs with few restrictions. However, we have no data to support the assumption that physicians do not frequently give samples to patients in the Utah Medicaid program. One area for future research in our program is to try to determine whether there is a difference in DRPs and CSOs among fee-for-service versus managed care plans. Because Utah is considered a frontier state, based on population density, it is not feasible to require all Medicaid recipients to enroll in managed care plans. Consequently the state of Utah has many Medicaid recipients in managed care and fee-for-service plan types. Our center reviews patients from both plan types, but we have not compared DRP and CSO prevalence rates between managed Medicaid and fee-for-service care. Since we have observed a high correlation between therapeutic duplications and uncoordinated care, it might be interesting to determine if patients in managed care plans have better coordinated care and fewer DRPs. The current study did not assess this relationship. ss Conclusions One or more drug-related problems occurred in 48% of nursing home residents who received 7 or more medications per month and in 87% of nonresidents of nursing homes, for an overall prevalence of 80% of high-utilizing Medicaid recipients. Therapeutic duplication was the most common problem identified among Medicaid recipients. At least 1 CSO was found.
PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE THE CARMEN L. BUCK PROFESSOR OF CANCER RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY MEDICAL CENTER I. Office Address: Thyroid Oncology Program, Div. of Hematology & Oncology, Rm. CC455 Department of Internal Medicine, Univ. of Kentucky Medical Center 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0093 Telephone: 859 ; 323-3778 FAX: 859 ; 257-7715 Email: kbain1 uky Spouse: M. Sara Rosenthal, Ph.D., Assist. Prof., UK.
Noncompliance with the originally TABLE 1 prescribed antibiotic regimen; Antibacterial activity of cephalosporins acquisition of a new GABHS Cephalosporins infection through a family mem-lactamaseExtended-spectrum producing First-generation Second-generation cefdinir, Third-generation ber, classmate, or community bacteria cephalothin ; cefuroxime ; cefpodoxime ; cefixime, ceftibuten ; contact; or recurrence of the origS aureus Yes Yes Yes No inal infecting strain due to treatH influenzae No Yes Yes Yes ment failure.3 In clinical practice, M catarrhalis No Yes Yes Yes it may be difficult to distinguish a Antibacterial activity of cephalosporins against aerobic and anaerobic -lactamase-producing bacteria. GABHS carrier with an intercurrent viral infection from a patient with acute GABHS CASE 2 pharyngotonsillitis. Helpful clues may be provided by n 8-year-old male presents with a history of recurthe clinical signs and symptoms, as well as by certain rent GABHS pharyngotonsillitis. He had been epidemiologic considerations, such as patient age, seatreated with oral penicillin for 10 days and improved inison of the year, and local prevalence of respiratory tially, but had a recurrence of symptoms 4 days after the viral illnesses. Random culture or end-of-therapy culend of therapy. His 4-year-old sibling was treated with ture once the patient is asymptomatic may also be amoxicillin 2 weeks earlier for an ear infection. Tonsillar helpful, especially when eradication is documented culture on the 8-year-old was positive for GABHS. This prior to a clinical, culture-positive recurrence. patient's failure to respond to penicillin is most likely The IDSA considers any of the first-line treatment due to the inability of the antibiotic to eradicate the options to be suitable for single episodes of recurrent organism. Even though his symptoms initially subsided, 3 GABHS pharyngotonsillitis. If patient compliance with the organisms that were not completely eradicated by an initial oral penicillin regimen was poor, then considtherapy re-emerged to renew the infection. The most eration may be given to the use of intramuscular benlikely explanation for this failure is the presence of zathine penicillin G. IDSA guidelines recommend seclactamase-producing organisms in the child's ond- or third-generation cephalosporins for use in nasopharynx that were acquired from his sibling who patients who fail first-line therapy with penicillin or was recently treated with a -lactam antibiotic. These amoxicillin. Additionally, it may be useful to substicould "shield" GABHS from the penicillin. The child was tute a -lactamase-stable antibiotic, such as a secondre-treated for 10 days with an oral extended-spectrum generation eg, cefuroxime axetil ; or extended-specthird-generation cephalosporin and had complete bactrum third-generation eg, cefdinir, cefpodoxime ; teriologic and clinical cure. cephalosporin, if copathogenicity is suspected in 32 treatment failure. An advantage of the cephalosporins is that they interfering organisms, and eradicating GABHS. are generally resistant to the enzyme -lactamase. Managing a patient with recurrent pharyngotonsillitis However, their efficacy against BLPB is generation- presents challenges and opportunities for optimal dependent TABLE 1 ; . First-generation cephalosporins therapy CASE 2 ; . eg, cephalexin, cefadroxil ; are effective only against S aureus; second-generation cefuroxime axetil and Patients Allergic to Penicillin cefprozil ; and extended-spectrum third-generation Up to 10% of patients may be allergic to penicillin.38 cefdinir and cefpodoxime ; cephalosporins are effec- Allergic reactions to penicillin may be classified by their tive against S aureus, H influenzae, and M catarrhalis; timing. Immediate-type reactions occur within the first and third-generation eg, cefixime, ceftibuten ; hour after administration and are mediated by cephalosporins are only effective against H influenzae immunoglobulin E IgE ; . These reactions may progress and M catarrhalis. However, as a group, the to anaphylaxis, with symptoms of wheezing, laryngeal cephalosporins are capable of overcoming BLPB edema, hypotension, and dysphagia. Accelerated including M catarrhalis which allows for microbial allergic reactions that occur within 1 to 72 hours may coaggregation ; when they are present, preserving the also be IgE-mediated and may reflect the previous.
80. Hakanen A., Jousimies-Somer H., Siitonen A., et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolates in travelers returning to Finland: association of ciprofloxacin resistance to travel destination. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 267-70. Black A., Redmond A.O., Steen H.I., Oborska I.T. Tolerance and safety of ciprofloxacin in pediatric patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26: 25-9. Hampel B., Hullmann R., Schmidt H. Ciprofloxacin in paediatrics: worldwide clinical experience based on compassionate use safety report. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 127-9. Leibovitz E., Janco J., Piglanski L., et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intramuscular ceftriaxone as empiric treatment of acute invasive diarrhea in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19: 1060-7. Ball P., Tillotson G. Tolerability of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Past, present and future. Drug Saf 1995; 13: 343-58. Rahm V., Schacht P. Safety of ciprofloxacin. A review. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1989; 60: 120-8. Chysky V., Kapila K., Hullmann R., et al. Safety of ciprofloxacin in children: worldwide clinical experience based on compassionate use. Emphasis on joint evaluation. Infection 1991; 19: 289-96. Chalumeau M., Tonnelier S., d'Athis P., et al. Fluoroquinolone safety in pediatric patients: a prospective, multicenter comparative cohort study in France. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 714-9. American Academy of Pediatrics. Fluoroquinolones. In: Pickering LK, ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Elk Groove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics 2003: 693-4. 89. Gendrel D., Chalumeau M., Moulin F., Raymond J. Fluoroquinolones in paediatrics: a risk for the patient or for the community? Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3: 537-46. Schaad U.B., Abdus-Salam M., Aujard Y., et al. Use of fluoroquinolones in pediatrics: consensus report of an International Society of Chemotherapy Commission. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14: 1-9. Schaad UB. Pediatric use of quinolones. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 469-70. Aradottir E., Yogev R. the use of fluoroquinolones in pediatrics a reassessment. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1999; 10: 31-37. Eidlitz-Marcus T., Cohen Y.H., Nussinovitch M., et al. Comparative efficacy of two- and five-day courses of ceftriaxone for treatment of severe shigellosis in children. J Pediatr 1993; 123: 822-4. Bhutta Z.A., Khan I.A., Shadmani M. Failure of shortcourse ceftriaxone chemotherapy for multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in children: a randomized controlled trial in Pakistan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 450-2. Girgis N.I., Sultan Y., Hammad O., Farid Z. Comparison of the efficacy, safety and cost of cefixime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi septicemia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14: 603-5. Lin T.Y., Chiu C.H., Lin P.Y., et al. Short-term ceftriaxone therapy for treatment of severe non-typhoidal Salmonella enterocolitis. Acta Paediatr 2003; 92: 537-40.
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